英美文学考研——基础英语写作这些差错不能再犯
?
?
写作练习运营也马上就快结束了，这段时刻的写作营，经过一段时刻的练习，有些同学的写作水平长进很大，写一篇文章总结一下我们之前呈现的疑问。
?
1.?主谓纷歧致

2.?从句疑问

3.?长短句疑问

4.?双谓语疑问

5.?留心每一个动词原形的呈现

6. and?的疑问

7.?副词的用法

8.?冠词疑问 （不可以数名词?+s，冠词运用差错，冠词缺失）

9.?名词的复数疑问

10.?前后时态纷歧致

11.?啥叫中式英语

12.?没有联接词

13.?全文谈论文，没有实践的比方

14.?动词短语的固定分配

15.?语句中短少主语/谓语

16.?如何改写语句，使语句赋有改变？

17.?学习运用主动语态，而非被逼语态

18.?关于标题
?
?
?
这是一篇很长很长很长的文章了~
?
?

1.?主谓纷歧致
?
主谓纷歧致在我们的作文中呈现的频率真实是太高，简略来说，就是主谓语的时态纷歧致。
?
比方，he is a student.?这儿的主谓是共同的，可是，因为我们习气在作文中添加许多的从句和刺进语，究竟就致使，自个也找不到自个的谓语了。
比方：
?
1.?he along with his friends?are?singing.(is)
2.?none of us?is?right.(are)
3.?the news?are?about the election.(is)
4.?the police?is?searching for a murder in that mountain.(are)
5.?thirty minutes?are?enough for the work.?(is)
6.?i think politics?are?much more interesting than maths.(is)
?
1.?主语中富含with,along with, together with, like, but, except, besides, as well as, rather than 等，谓语动词的方法要和介词短语前面的主语方法共同。
?
he along with his friends?is?singing.
?
2.?none of?做主语时，谓语动词可所以奇数也可所以复数，假定是不可以数名词就必定是奇数。
?
none of us are right.
?
3.?形复意单词，比方：news, physics, mathematics, economics,国家名：the united states,?等等，谓语动词要用单词。
?
the news is?about the election.
i think politics is much more interesting than maths.
?
4.?标明总称意义的形单意复数名词。比方：people, police, cattle等作主语
?
use everyone or everybody instead of .
用 everyone 或 everybody,不必 all people。
?
不说 one people,只需one person.
people like to be made to feel important,
the police are searching for a murder in that mountain.
?
5.?标明“时刻、分量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数做主语时，谓语动词用奇数方法。
?
thirty minutes is?enough for the work.
?
6.?a number of/ the number of
?
a number of ?许多，谓语是复数
the number of ?数量，谓语是奇数
?
the number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them was absent for different reasons,
?
7. 只需复数方法名词：clothes, trousers, shoes, shorts, pants, gloves, 等作主语，谓语动词需要用复数方法。
?
my clothes are worn out.
?
8.?the+ adj?标明一类人的时分，谓语动词用复数。
the sick have been cured.
?
9.?there be?的就近原则：be?的单复数由接近be的那个名词来抉择单复数。
?
there is a teacher and seventy students in the classroom.
?
2.?从句疑问
?
作文中一个语句的从句最佳不要跨越3或许4个，不是说运用从句或许高档的表达方法不好，而是因为大大都差错都会呈如今最终几个从句中。喜爱写长语句的同学控制一下，长短句穿插的写，就像中文作文相同，你的每个语句都是2-3行，看的人也会觉得很累。
?
从句中呈现的一个比照典型的疑问就是，主谓纷歧致和联接词的运用疑问。
?
首要，not only-but also的运用
?
not only 是不是定副词的联络，假定放在主句之前，该从句要选用倒装的方法。
而but also 则为连词，所联接的第二主句不需要倒装。
?
not only he is clever,?but he is also polite.(×)
not only he is clever,?but he is also polite,（√）
?
not only she can sing,?but she can also dance.(×)
not only can she sing,?but she can also dance.（√）
?
联接副词 because, because联接的副词从句若置于主句之后，则because之前就不必逗号，但because 从句假定置于主句之前，则与主句之间就有逗号。（其他联接副词也是相同。）
?
though he did poorly on the exam, his father didn’t blame him.
his father didn’t blame him though he did poor on the exam.
?
最终提示一点，就是避免一个语句中呈现两层联接词。
?
because?she is nice, so?i like her.
?
下面加一个：because 和because of 的运用疑问
?
这样的差错许多
?
because i am busy treating some calculated data.
这个语句是不无缺的，咱们写出了because，之后就需要发生点儿啥。
?
because of +短语
because +语句
?
比方：because i am busy treating some calculated data, it meet you for lunch, because i am busy treating some calculated data.my dog bit me, because i am busy treating some calculated data.
?
?
可以写这样的长语句：
?
1）运用分号，比方：if connecting two complete sentences into one, a semicolon often works; this sentence is a good example.
?
2）假定语句只需一有些有清楚的主语和谓语，其他有些都是依靠于这一有些的从句（dependent clause），那么运用这种run-on的写法是没疑问的。
?
比方：the boy waited, his hands dripping water, the sweat on his head making wish he was next, watching the boy in front of the line grab the rope, swing over the water, and dive into the river, like he himself wanted to do again.
?
这儿，关于分号有必要说一下。英语平分号的用法和中文完全不一样。中文里分号一般用在排比句。
?
可是在英文中，分号用于分隔独立的从句（independent clause）。
比方：the boy sat in the blue hat sat on a long because he was lonely; and then it started to rain.
?
?
3.?长短句疑问
?
前面说过的作文中最佳是长句和短句联系，这儿供给给我们一些简化语句的技巧：
?
1）假定从句的动词是be动词，视be动词是不是有实践意义直接去掉或许变成being，其他不变
?
2）假定从句中有could, would, must等助动词，将助动词变成不定式to，其他不变;
?
3） 假定从句中没有助动词，也没有be动词则将动词变成ving，其他不变。
?
?
最多见的用法是运用上文中的第三条规则。
?
1）假定联络从句中没有be动词，没有助动词，那么就要把动词改成ving的形状。
?
例如：· ?????
my old car,?which breaks down every other week,?won’t?last much longer.
?
变成· ?????
my older car,?breaking down every other week,?won’t?last much longer.
?
此外，咱们常常会下知道的运用规则
?
2）假定联络从句中有助动词，就可以把助动词变成不定式to然后省掉联接词。
?
例如：· ?????
john is not a man?who can be trusted.
?
变成· ?????
john is not a man?to be trusted.
?
名词从句名词从句是一个独立的简略句加上that，放在首要从句中当名词。用的简化根柢规则和以上是共同的。
?
比照需要留心的当地是be动词的改变。假定be动词引导的是一个动词的被逼语态，那么不能直接省掉，而要变成being，其实就是规则
?
3）假定没有助动词，也没有be动词，则将动词变成ving暗合，在这儿be不是一个单纯的系动词，而是被当成是有实践意义的动词了。
例如。·
??????
that anyone is called a liar?is the greatest?insult.
?
变成· ?????
being called?a liar is the greatest insult.
?
同理，假定名词从句中的be?动词联接状况时，也要将be动词替换成being·
??????
that he was busy?is no excuse for the negligence.
?
变成· ?????
being busy?is no excuse for the negligence.
?
副词从句副词从句尽管简略，但它的简化最风趣多样。全体上仍是相同的规则。
??????
because we have nothing to do here,?we might as?well go home.
?
变为· ?????
having nothing to do here, we might as well go?home.
?
值得留心的是，在做这种简化时，标明缘由的联接词because, since?等等一般要省掉，因为这种句型本身就激烈暗示因果联络。反之，标明转机的联接词although则最佳不要省掉。
?
例如：· ?????
although?we have?nothing to do here, we can’t leave?early.
?
变为· ?????
although?having?nothing to do here, we can’t leave?early.
?
或许参加其它标明逻辑联络的词，变为· ?????
having nothing to do here, we still can’t leave?early.
?
可是，假定有be动词时，在保存主语之外，be动词要变为being.
?
?
?
关于副词从句还有改为介词短语这种特别的从简办法。
?
比方把when 改成upon, 把 because 改成 with. · ?????
?
when she arrived at the party,?she found all the?people gone.
?
改为· ?????
upon arriving?at the party, she found all the?people gone.
?
这种办法就不必拘泥于主从句和副词从句的主语共同了。· ????
although?he opposed it, the plan was carried out.
?
改为· ?????
despite?his opposition, the plan was carried out. · ?
????
because?the exam is only a week away, i have not time?to waste.
?
改为· ?????
with?the exam only a week away, i have no time to?waste. ?
?
归纳活用以上的原则，可以前进咱们的写作功率。一起，适度的省掉也可以增强读者的阅览快乐喜爱。
?
?
比方测验着将以下的几个语句兼并。
????
i have not practiced as much as i should have?practice. ?
i am worried about that i might forget something. ?
what should i say during the speech contest?
?
这几个语句一般会被组合为·??????
because i have not practiced as much as i should, i?am worried about that i might forget what i should say during the speech?contest.
?
可是可以进一步变为· ?????
not having practiced as much as i should,?i am?worried about forgetting what to say during the speech contest.
?
另外一个比方。将以下三个语句兼并，就会得到一个复合句。· ?????
confucius must have written on pieces of bamboo. confucius lived in the eastern zhou dynasty. paper was not available until the eastern han?dynasty.
?
比照常见的组合办法是???
confucius, who lived in the eastern zhou dynasty,?must have written on pieces of bamboo, because paper was not available until?the eastern han dynasty.
?
?
这个语句是不是有种文绉绉的“我国式”了？所以可以进一步变为。
?
confucius, living in the eastern?zhou dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo, paper not being available?until the eastern han dynasty.
?
?
4.?双谓语疑问
?
双谓语疑问，简略来说，就是, i am is a student. 的疑问。
?
一个语句的根柢构成是主语+谓语，可是在凌乱的语句中找出主语和谓语，而且保证其用法正确，确并没有这么简略。
?
比方，
he, a teacher in the us, came to china learned chinese last year.
?
这儿语句就是典型的双谓语的语句，主句中呈现了两个谓语动词，study & learn,
这儿就可以说是语句语法呈现疑问。
?
那么如何避免语句中呈现双谓语呢，首要，留心语句中呈现的第二个动词。
?
英文的一个语句中呈现2个以上的动词很正常，那么如何处置呈现的第二个动词呢，最简略的方法即对错谓语，不定式+分词+动名词。
?
1.?不定式 ?
?
he, a teacher in the us, came to china?learned（to learn）chinese last year.
he refused?to study?the lesson.
?
2.?分词
the problem should be very carefully?studied.
?
3.?动名词
he enjoys?studying.
?
这儿需要留心的是，不定式一共有两种：动词原形/ to+动词原形
?
i?will do?it if i have time.
(原形不定式)
?
i?want to do?it if i have time.
（to+原形不定式）

5.?留心每一个动词原形呈现
?
在一个语句中，呈现的每一个动词原形，都要留心。
?
因为动词原形的大有些概率只会是谓语动词，一个语句中呈现的动词原形的次数比照多，一般都会有语法差错。

?
6.?关于联接词and?的疑问
?
一个语句中不要呈现3个以上的and.
?
首要，在语句最初不要运用?and，否则显得很不正式。
?
尽管这样做在口语中没有错，而且其实咱们在口语中会常常这么做。可是在正式的写作中，如学术论文；商业函件；简历等，不要这么做。
?
用以下词替换and：also; therefore; furthermore; in addition
?
科学期刊更喜爱?also，其次，假定只运用and来联接两样并排东西，没有必要运用逗号，
?
比方：
roy and i went to the store. we are good friends with the guys in the dorm and some people we go to class with. sometimes, when i lay awake at night and look at the stars, i wonder what is out there in space. i cant sleep well sometimes and have to count to myself to go to sleep.
?
这儿一切的and都是联接两样并排的事物，所以不要运用逗号，
?
以下是差错的：
?
roy, and i went to the store. we are good friends with the guys in the dorm, and some people we go to class with. sometimes, when i lay awake at night, and look at the stars, i wonder what is out there in space. i cant sleep well sometimes, and have to count to myself to go to sleep.
?
可是，当你要描绘一系列（多于两个）事物的时分，需要运用逗号，包括and之前！
?
比方：roy, john, and i are good friends.下面这个语句尽管也可以算是对的，可是有的时分可以会发生歧义。
?
不主张：roy, john and i are good friends.假定语句成分比照凌乱，可以在and前加上逗号，让整个语句非常好了解。
?
比方以下语句尽管是正确的：
?
roy and i are good friends and we went to the store with marcy and melinda.
?
但下面着种方法非常好：roy and i are good friends, and?we went to the store with marcy and melinda.
?
?
或许也可以将一个and用 as well as 来替换，让整个语句更简略了解，
?
比方：roy and i we went to the store with marcy and melinda as well as went swimming later.
?
在描绘两个以上的内容时，and前加上逗号，这一组比方，可以阐明假定不加逗号会发生啥歧义。
?
dogs, cats, and mice eat meat, mice, and grain, respectively.
?
这句话的意思是：狗，猫，老鼠别离吃肉，老鼠和米。
?
the twin girls, obama, and putin danced all night.
?
这句话的意思是：一对双胞胎，obama和putin（一共四自个）一整夜都在跳舞但假定写成下面的方法（短少了and前的逗号），就有可以让人发生歧义：
?
dogs, cats?and mice eat meat, mice?and grain, respectively.
?
歧义：狗吃肉；猫和老鼠都可以吃老鼠和米。
?
the twin girls, obama?and putin danced all night.
?
歧义：obama?and putin是一对双胞胎，她们两自个一整夜都在跳舞。
?
?
7.?副词的用法
?
状况副词以替代副词短语指的是使用状况副词以替代状况副词短语。
?
换句?稻褪墙桓龃首榈囊馑寂ㄋ醯揭桓龈贝噬稀?br>
?
这个技巧是新加坡的英文教育专家陈清霖教师在他《联合早报》的报刊专栏中的一篇文章说到的。试比照陈教师供给的几个句组：·
?????
(1)?as an enthusiastic reader, peter read many books?without paying attention to their differences in quality or subject matter.
(2)?as an enthusiastic?reader, peter read many books?indiscriminately（不作选择地）· ?
?
???
(1)?good staff performed their tasks?with great care?and strong sense of responsibility.
(2)??good staff performed?their tasks?conscientiously.（诚意诚意地）· ??
???
?
(1)?the pharmacist, through an oversight,?made a?mistake in the prescription.
(2)?the pharmacist?inadvertently?made a mistake in the prescription.（不尽心肠）· ?
????
?
(1)?the new encyclopedia,?published regardless of?expenses, is now available at a reduced price.
(2)?the new encyclopedia,lavi

shly published,?is now available at a reduced price.
????
?
(1)?when we read the annual report, we were impressed?by the content presented?in simple words and sentences.
(2)?when we read the annual?report, we were impressed by its?concisely?presented content.
?
?
从上面几组语句看，很显着，和动词分配起来，状况副词比状况副词短语简练有力，生动心爱。值得多多学习。
?
以下是一些比照简略忘掉在写作里运用的状况副词。
allegedly
abnormally
conveniently
deceivingly
haphazardly
deliberately
eventually
inadequately
ingeniously
inquisitively
invariably
optimistically
reluctantly
sensibly
thoughtfully
vigorously
unbearably
unexpectedly
?
假定英文写作技法有限，表达方法一般也会重复单调，这是“我国式”英文单调无趣的一个重要缘由。
?
?
8.?冠词疑问?
（不可以数名词?+s，冠词运用差错，冠词缺失）

9.?名词的复数疑问
?
关于名词单复数和冠词的运用，我们在作文中的差错几乎是太多了。
?
期望我们可以理解为啥下面三个语句的翻译是相同的?
?

?
1)?可数名词奇数
?
可数名词奇数一般需要限制。
?
2)?专有名词、不可以数名词、可数名词复数与定冠词the
?
专有名词、不可以数名词、可数名词复数已被限制，可以单独呈现，只需在需要激烈指示的情况下才需要运用冠词the限制。 ?
留心，the+名词复数具有激烈指示作用，因而类似以下的语句是差错的：
the computers have?revolutionized publishing.?（指明晰是哪些电脑）
?
正确的表达方法是：
the computer has revolutionized?publishing.?或许：
computers have revolutionized?publishing.
?
3)?“a/an”与“一”
?
英语的不定冠词“a/an”与汉语的“一”表面类似，实则偏重不一样。a/an首要起泛指作用，兼职表数量（但不偏重数量）；“一”首要作用是偏重数量，兼职表泛指.
?
?
4)?“the”与“那/那个”英语的定冠词“the”比汉语“那/那个”的用法广泛。
?
根据指示强度的不一样，定冠词the的用法可以分为强特指和弱特指，
?
强特指一般翻译成“那/那个…”（如有其它更具体的限制词则不译），
?
弱特指一般朴实起限制作用，没有对应的汉语，一般不译。
?
?

一个名词一般不能一起具有两个指向词英语中指向词一般只需一个，
?
例如：
?
this is my wife.这是我的老婆
johns book is over there.约翰的书在那。
neither accusation is true.两项指控都不树立。
?
尽管汉语可以说“我的这本书”，
但在英语中不能说my the book(指向重复)，
“我的一本书”也不能说成my a book（指向敌对），这点需要特别留心。
?
最终，提示我们一点的是，不可以数名词，必定千万不可以以加s.
?
比方说：advice, furniture, evidence, research, shrimp, slang, stuff
?
下面的复数方法都是差错的：advices, furnitures, evidences, researches, shrimps, slangs, stuffs
?
要想偏重这些单词的复数，可以引入量词。
?
下面的表达都是正确的：kinds of advice, stacks or types or rooms full of evidence, styles of furniture, types of research, slang words, kinds of stuff.

?
10.?前后时态纷歧致
?
留心一个语句前后的时态的共同性，是指一个语句前面用的曩昔时，后边用的一般如今式。
?
可以主张在一初步写作文的时分，就断定一下这篇作文的首要时态描绘。
?
比方，举个最简略的比方：
?
when i was a child, i like playing football and went out with my friends.
?
这样前后语句时态纷歧致的，尽量在作文中少呈现。
?
11.?啥叫中式英语
?
许多同学的作文中呈现了较多的中式英语的表象，
啥叫中式英语，最简略的就是：
?
good good study, day day up.?好好学习，每天向上
people moumtain people sea.?摩肩接踵
?
这样的表达有啥特征，就是依照中文的意思，逐句逐字的翻译，在英文中并没有这样的表达。
?
还体如今语句中的，词汇误用、分配不当、用词负担。
?
比方：你能介绍一本好书给我吗？
?
许多人简略望文生义，直接写成?could you introduce?me a good book?
?
在这儿对?introduce?的了解呈现了误差，单词尽管带有“介绍”的意义，但它的运用语境一般是人与人之间的彼此介绍、举荐。在这儿更适合的说法是?can you recommend a good book?

再比方汉语中咱们会说“学习常识”，这个差错我们在写作中呈现的次数真实是太多了，在英语里边则没有?learn knowledge?这样的说法，而大约说?gain / acquire knowledge.
?
(1)?in my opinion, i think?the production and sale of fake commodities should be firmly banned.
?
第一个语句中本身就带有“严肃阻止”的意味，再加一个描述词是弄巧成拙。此外，fake commodity?也不太契合干流英文里对“虚伪产品”的说法，可以改成?
?
(2)?scientists are trying to find a solution to solve the problem of water shortage
?
第二个语句中??两个单词意思重复了，可以去掉其间一个，比方说：scientists are trying to find a solution to the problem of water shortage.
?
?
(3)?we will share this flat together.
?
第三个语句中share现已带有“同享”这一意思，不需要再额定运用一词来偏重。
?
我们在写作的进程中，常常会分外添加一些单词来添加自个作文的字数，或许使得文章显得愈加高档，可是必定要留心的是，不能化蛇添足。
?
?
一起，中式英语和英式英语最能体现的可以就是中英文的思维方法疑问了。
?
比方
?
新概念英语3里边有这样一个场景：主人公在搭错列车后遽然间知道到车子开得很慢。在这儿作者并不是写?
?
其间的句式?it dawned on me that…?就极好反映了英语表达的要点，即偏重“发生了啥事”，而汉语表达的要点则是?隽松丁薄?br>
?
?
一起，在作文的结束处会对主题进行前进，比方带有“咱们大约”、“咱们有必要”、“让咱们”等经历式或标语式内容。
?
这种文风特征会对英文写作构成影响，许多人在作文的最终一句会这样写：
?
only in this way can we build a harmonious society.
?
或许是lets devote our love and make the world a better place.
?
而关于英语母语人士来说，文章结束一般是对文章首要内容进行概述、弥补，或许向读者提出具体的主张或鼓舞。
?
比方这样的结束：
following all this advice, you may not automatically become a successful student, but you will surely be on the right track to succeed.
?
或许是in summary, i regret to admit that experience shows sports do little to overcome mutual national stereotypes or promote peace between nations.
?
除了上面说到的这几点之外，体系阅览一些谈论中式英语的有关作品闻名的《中式英语之鉴》，都可以削减文章中呈现的中式英语。
?
?
12.?没有联接词
?
两个无缺的主谓规划之间必定要呈现联接词。联接词包括：并排连词，联接副词，联络词。
?
这儿加一点，英文中的标点符号，相同可以联接语句，比方说，冒号，破折号，分号。
?
比方：
he, a friend of mine, is very interested in watching movie, often go out with us.
?
这儿显着的就是，分句中短少一个联接词来联接两个无缺的主谓规划。改成
?
he, a friend of mine, is very interested in watching movie,?and?often go out with us.
?
这儿一般的联接词我们都很了解，我首要介绍一下，三个标点符号的用法：
?
?
1.?破折号：用破折号联接语句的时分，用来偏重第一个从句，以弥补语句意思的缺乏。
he is a trash -he is good for nothing.
?
一起破折号还可以用来联接同位语：
?
his hobby-taking picture-is a far cay from mine.
?
2.?冒号：冒号用来联接语句的时分，来偏重前面句中的名词。
?
he has made his goal known: he wants to be a scientist.
?
3.?分号：分号的作用恰当于：?逗号+连词（and, but, so….）
?
he is a man of principle; we all respect him.
=he is a man of principle, so?we all respect him.
?
he is a photographer; quite often he travels abroad to take pictures.
=he is a photographer, and?quite often he travels abroad to take pictures.
?
此外还有并排连词：and, or 和but.和其他一些连词短语可以用来联接两个语句。
?
?
13.?全文谈论，短少论据
?
在写作文的时分，假定真实想不出比方，也可以用自个日子中的比方。可是最佳不要全 在用文字进行谈论。
?
这样的文章看上去比照干巴巴，一起举比方的优点在于，可以直接有用的拓宽你的作文字数，假定需求字数比照多的话，直接用谈论来进行350-400字的书写，是比照头疼的。
?
所以说平常可以多堆集一些比照万金油的比方，在各种作文中都可以运用，其次，重视一些时局新闻，也可以放进入自个的作文，可以作为加分的点。
?
?
14.?动词短语的固定分配
?
一个动词的固定分配的动词运用差错，比方，介词分配，动词分配，中式英语胡乱分配，几乎是太多。
?
比方说，?pay attention in这样的差错？
?
动词分配的运用原则必定是要在自个完全断定是正确的情况下运用，平常多堆集，多查找字典，和一些声威的网站，不能靠自个的感触。
?
比方说：
call up
?
call on
?
call in
?
这三个分配别离是啥意思，可以怎么运用？估量比照难

call up a friend 给一个兄弟打电话
?
call on a friend 去造访一个兄弟
?
call in a friend 找一个兄弟来协助。
?
再比方：
?
差错：they tried to prevent me to leave.
?
正确：they tried to prevent me from leaving.
?
?
?
举荐一本旋元佑的《语法沙龙》
?
?
?
15.?语句中短少主语/谓语
?
这个疑问呈如今比照初级的写作者身上，简略来说，就是记忆不太好。
?
?
比方说：he, a teacher of a famous university in the united kingdom.
?
这个语句就这么结束了？？？
这个语句中只需一个主语和一个名词短语！
?
再比方，
?
when i was going out with her and my family to the church in my hometown.
?
这儿只需一个when?引导的时刻状语从句，语句中没有呈现主语和主句，没有主语？
以上的情况呈如今我们的作文中，总结为写着写着就忘了自个在写啥的系列差错。
?
?
16.?如何改写语句，使语句赋有改变？
?
看一个比方：
①?you should learn paraphrasing, for it is very important.
②?paraphrasing is extremely important, so it should be learned.
?
咱们发现，②对①做了如下改动：
1）?单词very ?: ?extremely
2）?词序you should learn paraphrasing, for it is very important. ??????
?
a，因为b）:paraphrasing is extremely important, so it should be learned.
b，（b，所以a）
?
3）?语法规划
you should learn paraphrasing
it(paraphrasing) should be learned.
?
以上是三类常见、高效的改写办法。联系运用，你可以改写出清楚、精确的语句。好，咱们来深化学一学，
?
一、改单词
?
a.?近义词替换“近义词替换”是常用的办法，可是留心，这种办法是很风险的。特别关于非母语学生而言，许多“你认为的”近义词，它们一般适用于不一样的场合，甚至在意义上并不接近。
?
举例原句：
it can be difficult to choose suitable words to write a sentence.
差错：it is often a challenge to pick up (x) relevant (x) words to create a sentence.
正确：it is sometimes a challenge to select appropriate words to create a sentence
?
.差错一：?与 “choose” 根柢不是一个意义。
?
前者意义为“改进”或许“接”；后者意义为“选择”。
?
差错二：在某些语境下，?与 “suitable” 可以互为近义表达。可是在此处不适合。关于“近义词替换”，主张我们在运用时，必定要百分之百的断定。否则，用错了替换词，反而弄巧成拙，在考试中，一般会因而失分。
?
b.?改词性将原句中的某些单词改动词性，
?
一般来说，改词性的一起也会改动词序。
?
举例原句：a writer has three main ways to paraphrase a sentence.
改写：a writer mainly has three ways of paraphrasing a sentence.
?
二、改词序
?
a.?主从句次序假定一个长语句有两个或以上的语句构成，可以经过调整语句的次序来结束改写。
?
举例原句：
if you practice paraphrasing frequently, you can paraphrase effectively.
改写：you can paraphrase effectively, if you practice paraphrasing frequently.
?
b.?描述词变从句语句中假定有“描述词+名词”规划，可以将描述词改成一个从句，放在名词后边。
?
举例原句：learning paraphrasing is a difficult task.
改写：learning paraphrasing is a task which is difficult.
?
三、改语法规划
?
a.?改语态举荐给我们一个最常用，也是最佳用的办法——改语句的语态：主动改成被逼，反之亦然。
?
举例原句：
paraphrasing means rewriting a sentence by different words. ?
（a means b.）
改写：rewriting a sentence by different words is called paraphrasing.
（b is called a.）
?
?
?
17.?学习运用主动语态，而非被逼语态
?
专业的写作者会更多的运用主动语态，而尽量避免被逼语态。
?
《冰与火之歌》中有下面这一段，描绘jon snow刚刚来到castle black的时分，和他“将来的小火伴们”打了一场架。
?
he?flew?at toad,?knocked?him backward over a bench, and?landed?on his chest with both hands on his throat, slamming his head against the packed earth.
?
不只如此，在一些表象描绘上也是如此。下面一段是从jon snow的视角，描绘他所看到的the wall.?我觉得文字极端美丽。请我们细心领会其间的主动语态。
?
这么长的一段，只需一个被逼语态在最终。许多人会不自觉的运用许多被逼语态。
?
by the time jon left the armory, it was almost midday. the sun had broken through the clouds. he turned his back on it and lifted his eyes to the wall, blazing blue and crystalline in the sunlight. even after all these weeks, the sight of it still gave him the shivers. centuries of windblown dirt had pocked and scoured it, covering it like a film, and it often seemed a pale grey, the color of an overcast sky… but when the sun caught it fair on a bright day, it shone, alive with light, a colossal blue-white cliff that filled up half the sky.the largest structure ever built by the hands of man, benjen stark had told jon on the kingsroad when they had first caught sight of the wall in the distance. tyrion lannister had added with a grin, but even the imp grew silent as they rode closer. you could see it from miles off, a pale blue line across the northern horizon, stretching away to the east and west and vanishing in the far distance, immense and unbroken. this is the end of the world, it seemd to say.when they finally spied castle black, its timbered keeps and stone towers looked like nothing more than a handful of toy blocks scattered on the snow, beneath the vast wall of ice. the ancient stronghold of the black brothers was no winterfell, no true castle at all. lacking walls,?it could not be defended(here is the passive voice),?not from the south, or east, or west; but it was only the north that concerned the nights watch, and to the north loomed the wall.
?
这儿为啥用一个被逼语态，我们可以记住一个原则：
?
active verbs show action. ?passive verbs show a state of being or existing.
?
主动语态标明动作；被逼语态标明状况。
?
我们根据这个原则再去看?it could not be defended?这句话，就会发现这儿用被逼语态更适合。
?
言而总之，运用被逼语态的时分要留心一点。思考一下是不是必定要运用被逼语态标明状况？假定不是的话，换成主动语态，会让你的文章更生动。
?
最终附一个比方：
i slept soundly last week when the doorbells ringing jarred me awake. a strange man stood at the door.
?
?
18?.关于标题
?
首要要有标题，必定要有标题，必定要有标题，必定要有标题！！
?
然后，标题能短则短，最佳能提出疑问。
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
好了以上，就是很长很长的一篇写作总结，当然仍是有一有些，我并没有写出来。

写作练习运营快结束了，这段时刻很开心和我们一同学习前进，期望我们在这儿有所收成，然后，期望我们能顾运用这段时刻学到的一些写作常识，在考试的时分，拿到高分，成功上岸！！！

我们关于写作练习营有啥主意或许总结，或许想谈谈自个的收成，可以写在留言区哦，我会选择留言前三名发个小红包吧！哈哈哈!
?
?
?
?
echo
2021-11-13
祝考研顺畅
?