???

练习1??which of the following is the best title of the text? (2015 p1)

[a] carlos, glory and disgrace combined

[b] charles, anxious to succeed to the throne

[c] carlos, a lesson for all european monarchs

[d]charles, slow to react to the coming threats

21. according to the first two paragraphs, king juan carlos of spain

22. monarchs are kept as heads of state in europe mostly

23. which of the following is shown to be odd, according to paragraph 4?

24. the british royals “have most to fear” because charles

原文：king juan carlos of spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.”……

the spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. ……

it is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. ……

even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. ……

the most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. ……

while europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the british royals who have most to fear from the spanish example.

it is only the queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style…….

【答案】[c]

【解析】主旨大意题。该题考察四个选项中哪个可作为文章最佳标题。文章从西班牙国王carlos退位事件切入，主要讨论当下欧洲君王制度所存在的问题，并非讨论查尔斯的事件，即可排除选项b“查尔斯—继位焦虑”和d“查尔斯—应对威胁缓慢”，而选项a“卡洛斯—荣辱并存”?和c“卡洛斯—欧洲君王们的前车之鉴”中，选项a属于细节信息，不能概括文章大意，选项c可概括，故为正确答案。另外，文章主题词monarch只有在选项c中出现，也可作为迅速解题的依据。

练习2 which of the following is the best title of the text? （2015 p3）

[a] science?joins push to screen statistics in papers.

[b] professional statisticians deserve more respect

[c] data analysis finds its way onto editors’ desks

[d] statisticians are coming back with science

31. it can be learned from paragraph 1 that

32. the phrase “flagged up” (para. 2) is the closest in meaning to

33. giovanni parmigiani believes that the establishment of the sbore may

34. david vaux holds that what science is doing now

原文：the journal science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief marcia mcnutt announced today. ……

“readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes mcnutt in an editorial. ……

asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, mcnutt said: “the creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of?science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

giovanni parmigiani, a biostatistician at the

harvard school of public health, a member of the sbore group. he says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” ……

john ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” ……

professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to david vaux, a cell biologist. ……

【答案】a

【解析】文章第一段由science将增加statistical checks引出话题，接下来各段就此问题mcnutt, giovanni parmigianni, john ioannidis, david vaux提出各自的看法。文中statistical，papers反复提及，可知该词是文中核心词。选项b和选项d首先排除，偏离主题，statisticians仅在文中提及，非重点讨论内容；选项c与文中主题相差较大，因此排除。

练习3 in the text, the author mainly discusses_______(2014 p2)

[a] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in america.

[b] a problem in america’s legal profession and solutions to it.

[c] the role undergraduate studies in america’s legal education.

[d]?flawed ownership of america’s law firms and its causes.

26. a lot of students take up law as their profession due to

27. which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most american states?

28. hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

29. the guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because

原文all around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. but there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than america.

during the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in america grew twice as fast as inflation. ……

there are many reasons for this. ……

reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. ……

the other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. …….

in fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. after all, other countries, such as australia and britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. america should follow.

【答案】b ?

【解析】题干问“作者在文章中主要讨论什么”，文章前两段主要谈及美国法律行业出现的问题，即：法律教育的成本高，而改革的速度慢，末段提出了解决方案，故答案为[b] a problem in america’s legal profession and solutions to it。

练习3 which of the following would be the best title for the text? (2014 p4)

[a] ways to grasp “the heart of the matter”

[b]?illiberal education and “the heart of the matter”

[c] the aaas’s contribution to liberal education

[d] progressive policy vs liberal education

36. according to paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the aaas’s report?

37. influential figures in the congress required that the aaas report on how to

38. according to paragraph 3, the report suggests

39. the author implies in paragraph 5 that professors are

原文：“the hear of the matter”, the just-released report by the american academy of arts and sciences (aaas), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in america. ……

in 2010, leading congressional democrats and republicans sent letters to the aaas asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal，state and local government, universities，foundations, educators, individual benefactor and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education”. ……

the goals identified in the report are generally admirable. ……

unfortunately, despite 2.5 years in the making, “the heart of the matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. ……

today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets and self-reliance-as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and something legitimate, intellectual investigation.

the aaas displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that congress asked it to illuminate.

【答案】b ?

【解析】主旨题。该题需要学生为该文章加上一个题目，考察学生对文章的主旨的概括。首先，通过浏览该题的5个题干以及每个段的段首句，可以总结出该文章探讨的主要对象是“由aaas发布的报告”，同时每个段落的进一步探讨主要集中于该报告展现出来教育的非自由性主题，其中该报告的代称为“问题的核心”。c项?“非自由性教育与问题核心”正好和文章主旨相匹配。a项意思是“抓住问题核心的方法”，其中方法文中并未提及。c项意思是“aaas报告对自由性教育的贡献”，与文章主旨相违背。d项意思是“进步性政策对自由性教育”，其中的“政策”并非文章的重点，故排除。

练习4 what is the subject of the text?（2013 p1）

[a] satire on an extravagant lifestyle.

[b] challenge to a high-fashion myth.

[c] criticism of the fast-fashion industry.

[d]?exposure of a mass-market secret.

21. priestly criticizes her assistant for her _______.

22. according to cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to _______.

23. the word “indictment” (line 3, para.2) is closest in meaning to _______.

24. which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

原文：in the 2006 film version of the devil wears prada, miranda priestly, played by meryl streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. ……

???this top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in overdressed,?elizabeth cline’s three-year indictment?of “fast fashion”. ……

the victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. ……

overdressed?is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like michael pollan’s the omnivore’s dilemma. ……

towards the end of overdressed, cline introduced her ideal, a brooklyn woman named sarah kate beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. ……

though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including h&m, with its green conscious collection line—cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. ……

【答案】c ? ? ? ? ?

【解析】主旨大意题。此题考查对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。从整个文章脉络来看，文章的第一段用事例引入，第二段讲到文章的主题“快时尚”，并指出它破坏了时尚周期，动摇了时尚产业。第三四段指出“快时尚”这种变革的弊端，比如：给自然资源造成压力、使用大量有害的化学物质、浪费现象。最后两段提到针对“快时尚”的不良影响，可以采取的解决办法。由此可知，c项统领全文，为正确答案。a, b,d项都不是文章所论述的中心主题。

练习5 ?which of the following would be the best title for the text?(2013 p3)

[a] uncertainty about our future

[b] evolution of the human species

[c] the ever-bright prospects of mankind.

[d]?science, technology and humanity.

31. our vision of the future used to be inspired by _______.

32. the iucn’s “red list” suggests that human beings are _______.

33. which of the following is true according to paragraph 5?

34. to ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to _______.

原文：up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. ……

now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change. ……

but such gloominess is misplaced. ……

so what does our deep future hold? ……

perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. ……

but take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. ……

this long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. ……

【答案】c ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??

【解析】主旨大意题。此题考查对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。从整个文章脉络来看，文章的第一段用事例引入，第二段讲到文章的主题“快时尚”，并指出它破坏了时尚周期，动摇了时尚产业。最后一段提到针对“快时尚”的不良影响，可以采取的解决办法。由此可知，c项统领全文，为正确答案。a, b,d项都不是文章所论述的中心主题。

练习6 which of the following would be the best title of the text?(2012p3)

[a] novelty as an engine of scientific development

[b] collective scrutiny in scientific discovery

[c] evolution of credibility in doing science

[d] challenge to credibility at the gate to science

31. according to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ________.

32. it can be inferred from paragraph 2 that credibility process requires _________.

33. paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it _________.

34. albert szent-gy?rgyi would most likely agree that _________.

原文：in the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. but in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. ……

consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. ……

once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. but, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. ……

two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. ……

in the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher annette baier has described as the commons of the mind. …….

【答案】c

【解析】此题考察对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。从整个文章脉络来看，文章第一段主要讲了科学研究的现实过程与理想过程的差异。第二段提出了“可信性过程”这个概念，并对其展开说明。最后一段引用annette baier的话总结发现声明中的可信性过程。由此可知，c项统领全文，为正确答案。

a项与原文不符；b项只是第二段内容的一部分，属于细节内容，不能概括全文；而d项只是对第四段的概括。

练习7 which of the following is the best title for the text? (2011p2)

[a]ceos: where to go? ????

[b]ceos: all the way up?

[c]top managers jump without a net

[d]the only way out for top performers

26. when mcgee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being

27. according to paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by

28. the word “poached” (line 3, paragraph 4) most probably means

29. it can be inferred from the last paragraph that

原文：when liam mcgee departed as president of bank of america in august, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. …….

mcgee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. ……

as the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. ……

the decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. ……

those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. ……

many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. ……

【答案】?c ? ? ? ??

【解析】本文以liam mcgee的故事开头，他宣布离职的方式非常坦率，两周后找到了新职位。第二段继续谈到，mcgee在没有找到新职位的情况下离开，这给了他思考未来的时间，同他一样，高管们离职的原因是要去追求新的职业目标。文章一直在重复一个主题“高管们辞职后再去找新工作”，故c为正确答案。文中的“mcgee leaving without a position lined up，deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net，to quit a position to look for a better one，jump without a job”都在重复这个主题。

文中并没有谈及ceo们的出路问题，故a不能概括文章主旨；选项b很宽泛，不能准确反映中心；选项d太过绝对，不能成为文章主旨。

讲义未完，参见讲义（下）????