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1. 试题：

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As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makesus re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographsthat show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the imageof 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started postingthem on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprisedto see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They arenoting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as thehundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience oflaughter.

Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographicportraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sittersposing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absentlyinto the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposuretimes were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing animage on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical dutieswas too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became thenorm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction ofthe Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’sdigital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smileswere relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for anexplanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesygrin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victoriansaying, alluding to the fact that before

the birth of proper dentistry, mouthswere often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve ofthe super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lackedclass: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with asmile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not abecoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed ahearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.

2. 答案详解：

31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter

A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.

B. highlighted

social media’s role in Victorian studies.

C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.

D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.

【答案】A。根据定位词“posts on Twitter”可得知，答案线索出现在原文“since I started posting them onTwitter”处附近。紧随其后的“they have been causing quite a stir”，引起了人们对于“posts onTwitter”的反应。“People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had funand could, and did, laugh.” 人们惊讶地看到，有证据表明维多利亚人也有自己的乐趣，也可以开怀大笑。从此句可以得出，“posts onTwitter” 改变了人们对维多利亚人的刻板印象，因此选项A为正确选项。

【干扰项】B选项在原文中并没有提到，属于无中生有的选项;re-evaluate出现的位置距离定位词较远，说的是对过去的评估，与维多利亚人没有直接关系，因此C选项也被排除在外;而D选项的内容更是不在定位段范围之内，第一段根本就没有涉及维多利亚人摄影的发展，因此也排除。

32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he hascollected?

A. They are in popular use among historians.

B. They are rare among photographs of that age.

C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D. They show effects of different exposure times.

【答案】B。根据定位词“collected”可定位至第二段第一句“Of course, I need to concede that mycollection …”，而文中“only a tinypercentage”告诉我们，维多利亚人的照片其实在作者占比非常低，而“rare”表示“稀有”，属于同义替换，因此得出选项B正确。

【干扰项】选项A和B所说的内容是相反的，根据文章定位句的内容，可以排除。而根据阅读技巧，选项中两个选项内容完全相反，往往说明其中一个大概率为正确选项。关于19世纪的情况，在后面才提到，而19世纪维多利亚人照相时是不笑的，与作者照片展示的情况相反，因此C选项也排除。differentexposuretimes出现在第三段及以后，且跟作者的照片内容没有任何关系，选项D也排除。

33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?

A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B. Their tension before the camera.

C. Their distrust of new inventions.

D. Their unhealthy dental condition.

【答案】D。根据定位词“1890s”可得知，答案线索出现在文章第四段最后一句附近。注意当定位句出现在段尾的时候，答案可能出现在本段，也可能出现在下一段的开头。文章第一段最后一句说的是，维多利亚人在这个时期照相也是不爱笑的，并引出了这种现象的来源。根据逻辑关系，顺着渡到第五段第一句，句中提到了“grin”“露齿笑”，说维多利亚人因为牙齿健康状况不好，牙不好看，所以不愿意在照相时微笑。因此D为正确选项。

【干扰项】ABC三个选项都属于无中生有的选项，在文中没有涉及到。

34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictureswas

A. a deep-root belief.

B. a misguided attitude.

C. a controversial view.

D. a thought-provoking idea.

【答案】A。根据定位词“MarkTwain”可定位至文章最后一段。马克·图文对照相时微笑的行为是持有负面的态度的，而文章这里正是引用名人的观点来证明自己前面的说法，体现出这种偏好已经根深蒂固了，因此A为正确选项。

【干扰项】ABC三个选项都属于无中生有的选项，在文中没有涉及到。

35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?

A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?

C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?

D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?

【答案】A。本文从一开始就在围绕维多利亚人在照相时微笑的问题进行论述，分别提到了照相技术的发展、维多利亚人牙齿状况等信息，但其核心还是在就维多利亚人为什么在拍照时不爱笑这一现象进行分析。A选项中lookstern，在照片中看起来严肃，与照相时不笑，属于同义替换的选项，因此A为正确选项。

【干扰项】ABC三个选项都属于无中生有的选项，在文中没有涉及到。文中一直在说维多利亚人对于照相时微笑的看法，而非对于照相的看法，B属于偷换核心概念。文中虽然提到了照相曝光的发展，但没有提到照相技术发展缓慢的原因，更不是围绕照相技术进行论述，C排除掉。文中并未提到后维多利亚时代照片中是否出现笑容，选项D错误。