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As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makesus re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographsthat show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the imageof 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and — since I started postingthem on Twitter — they have been causing quite a stir. People have beensurprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as thehundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience oflaughter.

Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographicportraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sittersposing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absentlyinto the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposuretimes were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing animage on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical dutieswas too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became thenorm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction ofthe Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’sdigital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smileswere relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for anexplanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesygrin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victoriansaying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouthswere often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve ofthe super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lackedclass: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with asmile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not abecoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed ahearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.

31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter

A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.

B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.

C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.

D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.

32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he hascollected?

A. They are in popular use among historians.

B. They are rare among photographs of that age.

C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D. They show effects of different exposure times.

33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?

A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B. Their tension before the camera.

C. Their distrust of new inventions.

D. Their unhealthy dental condition.

34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictureswas

A. a deep-root belief.

B. a misguided attitude.

C. a controversial view.

D. a thought-provoking idea.

35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?

A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?

C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?

D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?

【正确答案】A B D A A

【解析】

31. 正确答案 【A】

考察题型：细节题

解题思路：根据题干Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter定位到第一段双破折号中间，因此答案锁定在“they have been causing quite a stir”他们引起了相当大的轰动，并且第句接着说明人们惊讶地发现，有证据表明，维多利亚时代的人喜欢笑，能够笑，也确实笑过。所以选A。

干扰选项分析：B文中尤其第一段并未提到social media，所以B无中生有排除;C re-evaluated出现在第一句，所以C区域错乱排除;Dphotography出现在第一句，并且关于摄影的发展是在文章后面三四段部分提到，所以D区域错乱排除。

32. 正确答案【B】

考察题型：细节题

解题思路：根据题干the Victorian portraits he hascollected定位到第二段，题干问作者的观点，所以concede对于题干say, 由 “I need to concede that mycollection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vastcatalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900”可知，我必须承认，我收集的微笑的维多利亚时代，在创建自1840年至1900年之间的庞大的摄影肖像画目录中，只占很小比例，所以选B。

干扰选项分析：A in popular很流行与文中占很小比例相反，所以A反向干扰排除;C socialconventions社会习俗，这个面太广了，包含了各个方面，而文中只是摄影领域的一些细节，所以C范围错乱排除;D exposuretimes出现在第三段，所以D区域错乱排除。

33. 正确选项 【D】

考察题型：细节题

解题思路：根据题干in the 1890s，kept the Victorians fromsmiling定位到第四段最后一行，题干询问原因，所以答案锁定在第五段，第五段重点信息是最后括号内容(and even then, dental hygienewas not guaranteed) 即使在那个时候，牙齿卫生也没有得到保证，所以选D。

干扰选项分析：ABC均不是第五段解释的主要内容，所以排除。

34. 正确选项【A】

考察题型：例证题

解题思路：根据大写名词定位到第六段，例子是来证明观点的，所以答案锁定在but后内容，“…but it was not a becoming lookfor properly bred persons”但这不是教养良好的人适合的表情，如果论点读不懂可以读一下例子，即使是

喜欢开怀大笑的马克·吐温也说过，在摄影中，“没有什么比一个永远固定的愚蠢的微笑更可恶的了”，所以都赞成在拍照中不笑。所以选A。

干扰选项分析：B被误导的态度以及C有争议的观点和原文意思刚好相反，所以BC反向干扰排除;D发人深省的观点与A根深蒂固的信念相比，A更客观更符合文章含义，因为拍照不笑只是大家遵守的信念，而不是很有哲理的话，所以D排除。

35. 正确选项 【A】

考察题型：主旨题

解题思路：第一段表明通过照片，维多利亚时代的人是微笑的，打破了固有的不笑的观念;第二和第三段继续论述1980s的照片显示人们拍照严肃不笑的话题;第四段转折提出为什么维多利亚时代的人拍照不笑的原因;第五段解释，主要原因是牙齿卫生没有保证;第六段进一步举马克·吐温的例子来证明牙齿原因拍照不笑的观点。所以选A。

干扰选项分析：B完全不符合文章主旨含义，不是维多利亚人开始观察照片而是现代人们在研究维多利亚时期人们的照片，所以A对象错乱排除;C摄影的发展只在三四段出现过，所以B以偏概全排除;D如何变成规则，文章讨论的是原因而不是方式，排除。