2014年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题

第一题，术语区分题。四组术语，24分。

1.phoneme vs. allophone

2.homonymy vs. homophony

3.illocutionary act vs. perlocutionary act

4.language switch vs. L1 transfer

第二题，选择题，考察的都是基础知识，10小题，共30分。

第三题，分析题。给出几个句子，要求先填写名词前的冠词或复数后缀-s；然后总结出使用冠词或复数后缀-s的一般模式（common pattern）。

第四题，分析题，考察的知识点是歧义（ambiguity）。给出两句话，要求先回答这两句话有无歧义，并写出每句话的不同理解，再分析这两句话产生歧义的原因是否相同。

1.The children play near the bank.

2. The professor said on Monday that he would give an exam.

显然，第一句话中的bank涉及lexical ambiguity, 而第二句话中的on Monday既可修饰said，又可修饰would give an exam，属于grammatical/structural ambiguity。

第五题，分析题，考察隐喻。给出美国报刊（记得好像是时代周刊）上的一段话，要求辨认哪些词使用了隐喻，并写出其概念隐喻。

第六题，分析题，考察合作原则的准则，题目似乎是课本原题。给出几句话，要求辨认这些话违反了哪些准则，回答是否the hedging efforts suggest the plausibility of the CP.

第七题，分析题，考察cohesion和 coherence。给出一段话，要求辨认涉及到的cohesive devices；评价其coherence；对原文修改，并说出做出修改的理由。

第八题，分析题，考察communication strategy。有三问，分别是定义，5种常见类型，使用交际策略的优缺点（pros and cons）。这道题似乎也是课本原题。

2013年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题

第一题，术语区分

1.fricative vs. affricate

2.meronymy vs. hyponymy

3.positive face vs. negative face

4.sense vs. reference

相比之下，今年该题偏简单，第一个不清楚，后三个都是很基本的概念，平时复习注意总结，结合例子用自己的语言表达出来即可。

第二题，依然是二分法

1.internationalization

2. The weather in Chicago today is no good for watching cricket.

第三题，选择，要求找出四个选项中与其他三个选项不同的那个选项，并用一句话解释，共10道题，每题3分，该题大部分都是刘新仁那本语言学第二、第三章的内容，语音，重读，因素，词类，构词法基本各一题。另外还考了一道semantic relation,这个基本近几年每年都考，这个是重点，也容易理解，这几分一定得拿到手，因为基本上没人失分。最后一道是语用学里的，Speech act theory.

第四题，简答题，给了5个新闻标题，要我们分析，what rules are there when we write elliptical English newspaper headlines?

(1) 3 Arrested in New Orleans Hospital

(2) Blast Kills 53 in Iraq Holy city

(3) Mission Applauded as Shuttle Returns

(4) U.S. at odds with Allies on Mideast Conflicts

(5) Optimism on Both Sides of Gay-marriage Debate

然后再为今天的考试写一个新闻标题

第五题，简答题。irregular verbs “go” “come”, their past-tense are “went” “came”. 再举出两个这样的例子，然后总结它们的共同特征。并从这些特征研究英语构词法。

第六题，简答题。两种动词，drive，finish，其中drive可以跟for+ time, finish 跟in +time,反之不对，分析这两种动词，并用这两个词造两个复杂的句子。

第七题，两个笑话，要用语言学术语分析它们为什么可笑。

(1) baby pig—piglet

然后 baby toy 应该是？——toilet 这个应该是overgeneralization

(2) A: William has asked me for a loan of five pounds. Should I be doing right in lending it to him?

B: Certainly.

A: Why?

B: Because otherwise he would try to borrow it from me.

第八题，Charterizing learners’ English proficiency often calls for a meticulous analysis of their output, written or spoken, in terms of accuracy, complexity, fluency, and idiomaticity. How can the four items be measured specifically?

考研真题精选

一、填空题

1. Chomsky proposes that the course of language acquisition is determined by a(n) _____ language faculty.[中山大学2018研]

【答案】innate查看答案

【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。

2. _____ refers to the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal).[北二外2016研]

【答案】Function查看答案

【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。功能指的是语言在沟通中(例如表达观点、态度)或在特定社交场合（如宗教、法律）中所起的作用。

3. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _____ it is associated with.[人大2007研]

【答案】meaning查看答案

【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

4. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called _____.[大连外国语学院2008研]

【答案】performative查看答案

【解析】诗为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。

5. Phonetics is the study of _____ sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.[北京邮电大学2015研]

【答案】speech查看答案

【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。

6. A principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned with _____ of words.[中山大学2017研]

【答案】combinations查看答案

【解析】Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.

7. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is _____ and performance.[人大2006研]

【答案】competence查看答案

【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。

8. When a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammatical role in the sentence we say that it undergoes _____.[中山大学2018研]

【答案】inflection查看答案

【解析】曲折变化是指通过添加曲折词缀，如数，人称，限定性，体和格等来表示某词语法关系的变化。

9. _____ is said of the study of development of language and languages over time.[北二外2016研]

【答案】Diachronic查看答案

【解析】本题考查历时性的定义。语言的历时性指语言随时间的延续而引发的变化。语言的历时性是相对于语言的共时性而言的，共时性语言学是研究理论上处于一个时点的语言，描写语言的一个“状态”，不管正在发生哪些变化。

10. When air is forced out of the lungs, it causes the _____ _____ to vibrate.[中山大学2018研]

【答案】vocal folds查看答案

【解析】语音产生是以气流为能量来源的。在大多数情况下，气流源自肺部，气流从肺中压出，引起声带的振动。

11. _____ is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.[北京邮电大学2016研]

【答案】Phonetics查看答案

【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。

12. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is _____ function.[北二外2015研]

【答案】phatic查看答案

【解析】本题考查语言的寒暄功能。寒暄功能是语言最基本的一项功能。人们用寒暄语来营造一种气氛或保持社会联系而非交流信息。人们使用寒暄语就是为了缓和谈话双方的关系，同时使谈话双方从心理上得到满足。

13. Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of _____ principally transmitted by vocal sounds.[中山大学2017研]

【答案】symbols查看答案

【解析】Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

14. Syntax is the study of how words combine to make sentences. The order of words in sentences varies from language to language. English language, for instance, generally follows a _____ order, as in the sentence “The dog (subject) bit (verb) the man (object).”[北京邮电大学2016研]

【答案】SVO查看答案

【解析】本题考查英语句子的语序。英语句子的基本语序是主谓宾结构。

15. _____ is the name for oppositeness

relation.[北二外2015研]

【答案】Antonymy查看答案

【解析】本题考查反义的语义关系。反义关系就是相反的语义关系。

16. Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857—1913) was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, _____ must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the _____ and the signified.[北京邮电大学2015研]

【答案】sounds, signifier查看答案

【解析】本题考查关于语言作为符号系统的观点。他认为语言是一个符号系统，声音只有作为该符号系统的一部分才能被视作语言。符号包括两方面，能指和所指。