??原文期刊：新科学家

原文标题：

why a cyberwar won’t happen

考研英语阅览论题— 网络大战

广义上的网络战争是一种新的战争形状。信息技能的快速打开极大地拓荒了互联网络平台，网络进犯不再只是依托于传统的常规战争而存在，现已拓宽和触及一切与网络有关的作业和人员。今世的网络战争，是以世界互联网甚至物联网为战场，以国家或利益集团甚至自个作为参战方，以高科技办法为武器，在政治、经济、军事、科技、文明等领域所进行的攻防竞赛，包括网络战、信息战、言辞争、法令战、心思战、文明战、思维战、政治战等作战方法。

皮皮小科普

文章就“网络大战即将到来”这一论调打开驳斥，指出其时的“网络进犯”远非也无法称之为“网络大战”，故应让网络安适打开，不该以军事化的视点看待。首要亮点有：①论题新颖，年代性强；②观念性强，条理清楚，依照“开篇设靶引出‘网络大战即将到来’的论调（第一段）——争辩反驳论调指出‘网络进犯’尽管存在，但‘网络大战’不曾也不会发生（第二至六段）——总结全篇，提出主张（第七段）”的条理打开论说。

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part one: 原文

ⅰexactly two decades ago, the rand corporation, an?influential?think tank,?proclaimed?that “cyberwar is coming!” in 2005, the us air force declared it would now “fly, fight, and win in cyberspace”. the future of war would surely?play out?in that fifth?domain,?on top of?land, sea, air and space. dark warnings of “cyber pearl harbor” soon became a?staple?of washington?discourse.

ⅱwhat would an act of cyberwar look like? history suggests three features. to count as an armed attack, a computer?breach?would need to be violent. if it can’t hurt or kill, it can’t be war. an act of cyberwar would also need to be instrumental. in a military?confrontation, one party generally uses force to?compel?the other party to do something they would otherwise not do. finally, it would need to be political, in the sense that one opponent says, “if you don’t do x, we’ll strike you.” that’s the gist of two centuries of strategic thought.

ⅲno past cyberattack meets these criteria. very few meet even a single one. never has a human been injured or hurt as an immediate consequence of a cyberattack. never did a state coerce another state by cyberattack. very rarely did state-sponsored offenders?take credit for?an attack. so if we’re talking about war—the real thing, not a metaphor, as in the “war on drugs”—then cyberwar has never happened in the past, is not taking place at present, and seems unlikely in the future.

ⅳthat is not to say that cyberattacks do not happen. a computer breach could cause an electricity?blackout?or interrupt a city’s water supply, although that also has never happened. if that isn’t war, what is it? such attacks are better understood as sabotage.

ⅴcode-borne sabotage is a real risk. industrial control systems run all sorts of things that move fast and can burn: trains, gas pipelines,?civilian?aircraft, etc. many of these are highly?susceptible?to breaches, and information about system?vulnerabilities?is easily available. even so, the number of violent computer-sabotage attacks against western targets is zero, because causing havoc through weaponised code is harder than it looks. target intelligence is needed. control systems are often?configured?for specific tasks, limiting the possibility of?generic?attacks. even if they happened, such attacks may not constitute a use of force.

ⅵthe concept of cyberwar is?misleading. closer examination of the facts reveals that what is happening is the opposite of war: computer breaches are less violent than old-style attacks. violent sabotage is harder if it is done through computers, while non-violent sabotage is now easier and is happening more often: crashing websites, deleting files and so on.?

ⅶthe armed forces need to stay focused on fighting and winning the real wars of the future. that’s hard enough. let us not?militarise?the struggle for the free and liberal internet today.?

part two: 词汇短语

第一段单词：

1.influential [??nflu?en?l]?a.有影响力的

2.think tank 智囊团

3.proclaim?[pr??kle?m] v. 宣告，发布

4.play out 发生，呈现

5.domain?[d??me?n] n.领域

6.on top of 除……之外（还）

7.staple[?ste?pl] n. 主题

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第二段单词：

8.discour

se?[?d?sk?:s] n.说话

9.breach [bri:t?] n. 损坏，违规

10.confrontation?[?k?nfr?n?te??n]?n.敌对，冲突

11.compel?[k?m?pel] v.强逼

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第三段单词：

12.take credit for 因……而获得好评

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第四段单词：

13.blackout?[?bl?ka?t] n.停电

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第五段单词：

14.civilian?[s??v?li?n] a.民用的

15.susceptible?[s??sept?bl] a.易受影响的

16.vulnerability?[?v?ln?r?’b?l?t?] n. 易受进犯性

17.configure?[k?n?f?g?(r)]?v. 装备，设定，使成形

18.generic?[d???ner?k] a. 一般的，一般的

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第六段单词：

19.misleading?[?m?s?li:d??] a. 误导性的

20.militarise?[‘m?l?t?ra?z] v. 军事化，军国化

21.*gist?[d??st] n.主旨（第2段）

22.*coerce?[k????:s]?v.迫使（第3段）

23.*sabotage?[?s?b?tɑ:?] n. 成心损坏（第4段）

24.*havoc?[?h?v?k] n.大损坏（第5段）

（标*的为超纲词）

part three: 长难句语法指点

very rarely? ?did

否定意义词组在句首 ，整句半倒装

state-sponsored??offenders

? ? ? ? ? ? ?主语

take credit for? ?an attack.

谓语? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ??宾语

这个语句只需一个主句，首要查询我们对倒装规划的了解。句首呈现含否定意义的副词rarely，所以语句采纳半倒装方法（否定词+助动词/神态动词+主语+行为动词+宾语）。very作为程度副词润饰rarely。

part four: 写作句型学习

写作模板：

very rarely did sb take credit for sth?

很稀有人因…而得到赞扬

原文例句：

very rarely did state-sponsored offenders?take credit for?an attack.

很稀有国甲助的罪犯能因网络进犯而得到赞扬。

写作模板：

no+n.+ meet these criteria.

曩昔没有…契合这些标准

原文例句：

no past cyberattack meets these criteria.

曩昔没有哪个网络进犯契合这些标准。

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