1、文档编码 : cu3e3j6m5t2 hg7x9l3z2w2 zb8f5n5m9m32022 年争论生入学考试英语二真题 section i use of english directions:read the following text. choose the best words for each numbered black and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. 10 points the internet affords anonymity to its users a boon to privacy and freedom of spee

2、ch. but that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the web. can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 . last month, howard schmidt, the nation cyberczar, offered the obama government a 4 to make t

3、he web a safer place a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo id card, all rolled 6 one. the system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services. th

4、e idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. the approach contrasts with one that would require an internet driver10 s license by the government. go

5、ogle and microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 1211 just once but use many different services. “ neighborhoods ” and bright “ streetlights” to esof 13, the approach would create a “ walled garden ” in safe community. mr. schmidt described

6、 it as a “ voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 . still, the administrations plan has privacy rights activists. some applaud the approach; others are concerned.

7、 it seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.the plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “ voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the internet 19 .they argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in

8、drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1a.swept b.skipped c.walked d.ridden 2a.for b.within c.while d.though 3a.careless b.lawless c.pointless d.helpless 4a.reason b.reminder c.compromise d.proposal 5a.information b.interference c.entertainment d.equivalent 6a.by b.into c.from d.over 7a.

9、linked b.directed c.chained d.compared 8a.dismiss b.discover c.create d.improve 9a.recall b.suggest c.select d.realize 10a.relcased b.issued c.distributed d.delivered 11a.carry on b.linger on c.set in d.log in 12a.in vain b.in effect c.in return d.in contrast 13a.trusted b.modernized c.thriving d.co

10、mpeting 14a.caution b.delight c.confidence d.patience 15a.on b.after c.beyond d.across 16a.divided b.disappointed c.protected d.united 17a.frequestly b.incidentally c.occasionally d.eventually 18a.skepticism b.relerance c.indifference d.enthusiasm 19a.manageable b.defendable c.vulnerable d.invisible

11、 20a.invited b.appointed c.allowed d.forced section ii reading comprehension part a directions: read the following four texts. answer the questions after each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. 40points text 1 ruth simmons joined goldman sachss board as an outside di

12、rector in january 2022: a year later she became president of brown university. for the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. but by the end of 2022 ms. simmons was under fire for having sat on goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let e

13、normous bonus payouts pass unremarked. by february the next year ms. simmons had left the board. the position was just taking up too much time, she said. outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably h

14、ave enough independence to disagree with the chie f executives proposals. if the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. the researchers from ohio university used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms an

15、d more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2022. then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. the most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprisedisappearances by directors under the age of 70.

16、 they fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. the likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. the effect tended to be larger f

17、or larger firms. although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. often they “trade up.” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.but the researcher

18、s believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. firms who want to keep thei

r outside directors through tough times m

19、ay have to create incentives. otherwise outside directors will follow the example of ms. simmons, once again very popular on campus. 21. according to paragraph 1, ms. simmons was criticized for . againing excessive profits bfailing to fulfill her duty crefusing to make compromises dleaving the board

20、 in tough times 22. we learn from paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be . agenerous investors bunbiased executives cshare price forecasters dindependent advisers 23. according to the researchers from ohio university after an outside directorsurprise departure, the firm is likely to .

21、 abecome more stable breport increased earnings cdo less well in the stock market dperform worse in lawsuits 24. it can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors . amay stay for the attractive offers from the firm bhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firm care accustomed to

22、 stress-free work in the firm dwill decline incentives from the firm 25. the authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is . apermissive bpositive cscornful dcritical text 2 whatever happened to the death of newspaper. a year ago the end seemed near. the recession threatened to remove the

23、 advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. newspapers like the san francisco chronicle were chronicling their own doom. americas federal trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. should they become charitable corporations. should the state subs

24、idize them . it will hold another meeting soon. but the discussions now seem out of date. in much of the world there is the sign of crisis. german and brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. even american newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not onl

25、y survived but often returned to profit. not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same. it has not been much fun. many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. the american society of news editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since

26、 2022. readers are paying more for slimmer products. some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a hea

27、lthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. american papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2022, according to the organization for economic cooperation & development oecd. in japan the proportion is 35%. not surpr

28、isingly, japanese newspapers are much more stable. the whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. car and film reviewers have gone. so have science and general business reporters. foreign burea

29、us have been savagely cut off. newspapers are less complete as a result. but completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business. 26. by saying “newspapers like their own doom-4, para. 1, the author indicates that newspaper . aneglected the sign of crisis bfailed to get state subsidies cwer

30、e not charitable corporations dwere in a desperate situation 27. some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because . areaders threatened to pay less bnewspapers wanted to reduce costs cjournalists reported little about these areas dsubscribers complained about slimmer products 28.

31、 compared with their american counterparts, japanese newspapers are much more stable because they . ahave more sources of revenue bhave more balanced newsrooms care less dependent on advertising dare less affected by readership 29. what can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newsp

32、aper business. adistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers. bcompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper. cforeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business. dreaders have lost their interest in car and film reviews. 30. the most appropriate title for this text would

33、 be . aamerican newspapers: struggling for survival bamerican newspapers: gone with the wind camerican newspapers: a thriving business damerican newspapers: a hopeless story text 3 we tend to think of the decades immediately following world war ii as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers re

34、turning home by the millions, going off to college on the g. i. bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus. but when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. during the depression and the war, americans had learned to live with less, and that

35、 restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish. economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. the phrase actually first less is popularized by a german, the architect ludwig mies van der rohe, who

36、 like other people associated with the bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the united states before world war ii and took up posts at american architecture schools. these designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of american architecture, but none more so that mies. mies s signa

37、ture phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future

38、. miess sophisticated presentation maskspaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty. the apartments in the elegant towers mies built on chicagos lake shore drive, for example, were smallerunits under 1,000 square feet- than those in their older neighbors along the cit

39、y gold coast. but they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions, the architecturalequivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time. the trend toward “less ” was not entirely foreign. in the 1930s frank lloy

40、d wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century. the “case study houses ” commissioned from talented modern architects by california arts & architecture magazine betw

41、een 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. in his case study house, ralph everyday life – few american families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers –

42、 but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared. 31. the postwar american housing style largely reflected the americans. aprosperity and growth befficiency and practicality crestraint and confidence dpride and faithfulness 32. which of the following can be i

43、nferred from paragraph 3 about bauhaus. ait was founded by ludwig mies van der rohe. bits designing concept was affected by world war ii. cmost american architects used to be associated with it. dit had a great influence upon american architecture. 33. mies held that elegance of architectural design

44、 . awas related to large space bwas identified with emptiness cwas not reliant on abundant decoration dwas not associated with efficiency 34. what is true about the apartments mies building chicagos lake shore drive.athey ignored details and proportions. bthey were built with materials popular at th

45、at time. cthey were more spacious than neighboring buildings. dthey shared some characteristics of abstract art. 35. what can we learn about the design of the “case study house” .amechanical devices were widely used. bnatural scenes were taken into consideration cdetails were sacrificed for the over

46、all effect. deco-friendly materials were employed. text 4 s gre will the european union make it. the question would have sounded strange not long ago. now even the projectcheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.as well as those chroni

47、c problems, the eu face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. markets have lost faith that the euro zone economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the q

48、uick fix of devaluation. yet the debate about how to save europes single currency from disintegration is stuck. it is stuck because the euro zonedominant powers, france and germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies. germany thinks

49、 the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. these might include threats to freeze eu funds for poorer regions and eu mega-projects and even th e suspension of a countrys voting rights in eu mi

50、nisterial councils. it insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the eu club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, germany fears, a small majority favour french interference. a “southern” camp headed

51、by french wants something different: ”european economic government”of euro-zone members. translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common eurobonds or complete fiscal t

52、ransfers. finally, figures close to the france government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs. it is too soon to write off the eu. it remains the world largest trading block. at its be

53、st, the european project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. it is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitali

54、sm benign. 36. the eu is faced with so many problems that . a it has more or less lost faith in markets b even its supporters begin to feel concerned c some of its member countries plan to abandon euro d it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation 37. the debate over the eus single currency is

55、 stuck because the dominant powersa are competing for the leading position b are busy handling their own crises c fail to reach an agreement on harmonization d disagree on the steps towards disintegration 38. to solve the euro problem ,germany proposed that . a eu funds for poor regions be increased

56、 b stricter regulations be imposed c only core members be involved in economic co-ordination d voting rights of the eu members be guaranteed 39. the french proposal of handling the crisis implies that _ _. a poor countries are more likely to get funds bstrict monetary policy will be applied to poor

57、countries cloans will be readily available to rich countries drich countries will basically control eurobonds 40. regarding the future of the eu, the author seems to feel _ _. a pessimistic bdesperate cconceited dhopeful part b directions: read the following text and answer the questions by finding

58、information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. there are two extra choices in the right column. mark your answer on answer sheet 1. 10 points such a move could affect firms such as mcdonald s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by

59、 the football association. fast- food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone crelure young customers, stephenson said. professor dinesh bhugra, president of the royal college of psychiatrists, said: “if children are taught about the impthat food ha

60、s on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.he also urged councils to impose -food- free zones” around schoo l and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open. a department of health spokesperson said: “we need to create a new vision for public

61、 health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. this includes creating a new responsibility deal with business, built on social this.”responsibility, not state regulation. later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve the food indu

62、stry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade. a “fat taxes” should be imposed on fasts. producers such as mcdonald 41.andrew lansley held that b the government

63、should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools 42.terence stephenson agreed that c “lecturingwas an effective way to improve school lunches in england. 43.jamie oliver seemed to believe that d cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet. 44

64、.dinesh bhugra suggested e the producers of crisps and candies could that contribute significantly to the change4life campaign. 45.a department of health f parents should set good examples for their spokesperson propsed that children by keeping a healthy diet at home. g the government should strengt

65、hen the sense of responsibility among businesses. 46direction :in this section there is a text in english. translate it into chinese, write your translation on answer sheet 2. 15points who would have thought that, globally, the it industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the w

66、orld s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all co2 emissions. many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. a 谷歌 search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of co2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. to deliver results to its users quickly, then,has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. while producing large quantities of co2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-condi