2014年考研英语阅览真题(一)text3——刷题思路(2014年考研英语一真题及答案解析)
这篇文章选自2013年6月12日的《天然》。这篇文章是一篇天然科学类文章,作者介绍了当前科学界呈现许多由一些新式互联网公司树立的奖金很高的新奖项,并指出科学家们对此定见纷歧,一起也清楚了自个较为宽恕的情绪。文章第一段以“基础物理学奖”引出科学界新奖项这一疑问;二至四段描绘了对新奖项的各种观点;最终作者标明晰自个的情绪。
刷题思路:咱们采纳的是自上而下的逻辑,在最短的时刻内猜出文章的中心论题,环绕中心去向置每个疑问。一句话:环绕中心,自上而下,形散而神不散。
一、数一数全文一共由几个期间构成,标上序号,全文有5段。
二、最终一题,看看是不是中心主旨题:
35. the author believes that the new awards are
[a] harmful to the culture of research.
[b] acceptable despite the criticism.
[c] subject to undesirable changes.
[d] unworthy of public attention.
35.?作者认为新的奖项是_______。 [a]?对文明研讨晦气 [b]?尽管有批判,但仍是可承受的 [c]?遭受不好的改动 [d]?不值得大众重视
acd三个都是负面,一个偏正面是b。从一二段看看作者的情绪,【1段】①the us$3-million fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, 是功德,答案可所以b ;
“三加一”的第三种,最终一段,看看是不是变换论题了。第五段③second, it is surely a good thing that…说的是功德,这篇文章的中心是:备选答案中仅有的偏正面[b]?:尽管有批判,但仍是可承受的;由[b]?可知:文章的前有些可以有批判,后有些是可承受的,换言之,31、32、33、甚至34题出题的方向可所以负面的,35是偏正面的。这篇文章作者是一分为二看疑问。
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本题型解法:三加一。
1、开宗明义:文章的中心一般在一段,有百分之80可以;抛砖引玉时:中心在第一段的段尾与第二段的段首句。
2、用串针引线的办法,第一段+各段的中心句(首句)+最终一段的主旨句。
3、最终一段,看看是不是变换论题了。
加一:看看在题干中是不是现已泄露隐秘。读?牡捞庵兄馗吹拇驶蛐砭褪侵行闹髦嫉氖滓谌荨S商飧煽梢钥闯稣馄恼碌闹行闹髦肌?br>
——这就是先看最终一题的缘由。若中心主旨提前断定,其它题就很简略,因为中心抉择悉数。
三、听懂人话(看看题干,审题,看教师问了你啥?文章的中心是啥,规划是啥?)
31. the fundamental physics prize is seen as
?基础物理学奖被看作是_______。
★【考点】实际细节是文中大约找到:先从is seen as有些找,不可再从主语有些找。
32. the critics think that the new awards will most benefit
谈论家认为树立新的奖项将对谁有优点。
这篇文章作者是一分为二看疑问,文章前面是有批判,后边是可承受的。
从词源上看:benefit ——do good (to);bene善,好+fit=do做→干过后的优点,是使动,“谈论家认为树立新的奖项将对谁有优点”,无利不早上,树立者获益。
critic [?kr?t?k] crit=judge,discern,标明判别,分辩,评判
the fundamental physics prize 可所以the new awards,这是抛砖引玉。
33. the discovery of the higgs boson is a typical case which involves
希格斯玻骰子的发现是一个触及________的典型事例。
which involves定语从句
★例子做法 :例子题考的不是比方的本身。
例子题考的是观念:若比方与观念在一句话中,答案在前半句,否则在前一句,或段主旨。
作者与批判家持相反的情绪,这暗示本题是不和例子。
34. according to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the nobels?
?根据文章第四段,关于诺贝尔奖下列哪一项是正确的?
推理判别:诺贝尔奖,是老奖。
★★★★★提示:以第四段为界,前三个题在前三段、四段前半有些。33. 第三段or四段前半有些;31、32在前三段。另外可以看不出来,这一点有必要理解。
35. the author believes that the new awards are
作者认为新的奖项是_______。
串一下题干:这篇文章引入新奖(the new awards),与老奖(the nobels)比照,作者一分为二看疑问。
四、顺藤摸瓜,根据中心:顺藤是顺着题干这根藤,摸到答案。也就是说:根据题干的具体情况和提示信息,使用不一样的解题办法回到原文逐个寻找每一道题的精确答案信息来历或根据。答案有必要有根据。
31. the fundamental physics prize is seen as
[a] a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.
[b] a possible replacement of the nobel prizes.
[c] a handsome reward for researchers.
[d] an example of bankers’ investments.
定位点:专有名词the fundamental physics prize;例子做法 :例子题考的不是比方的本身。例子题考的是观念:若比方与观念在一句话中,答案在前半句,否则在前一句,或段主旨。
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31. 基础物理学奖被看作是_______。
[a] 公司家财富的标志
[b] 可以替代诺贝尔奖的奖项
[c] 对研讨者的大方奖赏
[d] 银行家出资的一个比方
【考点】实际细节
定位在,like the fundamental physics prize,实践是例子题,like the fundamental physics prize 前面一句有“a string of lucrative awards for researchers”。与[c] a handsome reward for researchers.相同,所以答案是[c]。
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【1段】①the us$3-million fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as alexander polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in march. ②and it is far from the only one of its type. ③as a news feature article in nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the nobel prizes in recent years. ④many, like the fundamental physics prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of internet entrepreneurs. ⑤these benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science。
【生词和短语】
article [?ɑ:t?kl] (报章杂志中的)文章,论文; 条款; 物品; [语] 冠词;
art=skill 标明
article [?ɑ:t?kl] 文章,论文(art=skill技巧,art技能;-cle单个)
art [ɑ:t] 艺术; 艺术作品;
artist [?ɑ:t?st] 艺术家; 画家
artifact [ɑ:t??f?kt] 人工制品(art=skill, fact=to do.)
artificial [?ɑ:t??f??l] adj.人工的; 人工的; 虚伪的n.人工肥料; <美>假花;(fic=to do)
news feature新闻专栏
feature [?fi:t??(r)] n.特征,特征,(期刊的)特辑(feat=fact=make,do;- ure名词后缀。)(天主造的姿势);vt.使有特征
fund [f?nd] v.为…供给资金; 赞助
account [?
原音+子音双写(=to)+ count,标明偏重。
account for [??kaunt f?:] 阐明(缘由、理由等); 致使,致使
take into account:思考到;谅解
leave sth. out of account:不思考
benefactor [?ben?f?kt?(r)] n.捐助者; 施主; 恩人; (fact=do,make 标明)
(bene好+fact做,制造+or人→做功德的人)
draw attention to招引…的留心力
正如亚历山大·波利亚科夫在三月收取年度奖时所言,(31)奖金达300万美元的基础物理学奖的确是一次风趣的测验。此类奖项,远不止这一个。正如《天然》杂志新闻特写节意图一篇文章所谈论的那样,这些年,为研讨人员树立的一系列酬劳丰富的奖项现已参加了诺贝尔奖的部队。许多奖项比方基础物理学奖,是由互联公司家出资树立的,他们银行账号数字就像电话号码相同。传闻,这些赞助者现已在自个所从事的领域内获得成功,他们想用自个的财富让我们重视那些在科研领域获得成功的人。
32. the critics think that the new awards will most benefit
[a] the profit-oriented scientists.
[b] the founders of the awards.
[c] the achievement-based system.
[d] peer-review-led research.
32. 谈论家认为树立新的奖项将对谁有优点。
[a] 以利益为导向的科学家
[b] 新奖项的创建者
[c] 以作用为基础的体系
[d] 同行评定研讨
谈论家认为树立新的奖项将对谁有优点。
benefit ——do good (to);bene善,好+fit=do做→干过后的优点
谈论家可以会说:无利不早上。critic [?kr?t?k] crit=judge,discern,标明判别,分辩,评判
the fundamental physics prize 可所以the new awards,这是抛砖引玉。
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【考点】实际细节
【精准定位】根据 the critics可定位至第二段,前两句以“设问——答复(what s not to like? quite a lot.)”方法引出批判者的观点。④句指出,(批判者认为)设奖是为了完成自我推销炒作(an exercise in self-promotion for those behind then),也即出于利益教唆,设奖者天然是最大的获益者,[b]正确。
【出题解密】题干+[b]是对第.段4句的合理推导,题干中most benefit和选项中 the founders…别离对应文中sef- promotion和those behind then。
【解析】根据题干要害词“critics”可回订亲位到文章的第二三段。选项a“以利益为导向的科学家”,文中并未提及此有关信息;选项b“新奖项的创建者”对应原文“the new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists”,也就是说“科学家们称,这些新的奖项其实只是对其不和公司家的自我宣传”,很显着原文中的those指代的是供给资金的人,say scientists是要点,标明引证;引证他们的话阐明主旨。所以选项b为正确答案。
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【2段】①what’s not to like? (反问)②quite a lot, according to a handful of(少量) scientists quoted in the news feature. ③you cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the nobels. ④the new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. ⑤they could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. ⑥they could cement the status quo(现状) of peer-reviewed research. ⑦they do not fund peer-reviewed research. ⑧they perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
【生词和短语】
upstart [??pstɑ:t] n.迸发户,新贵; 狂妄自傲的人;
start-up [stɑ:t ?p]锋芒毕露
prestige [pre?sti:?] n.威信,声威(pre前+stige=string拉紧)(在前面拉紧→声威, 声威, 威信)
prestigious [pre?st?d??s] adj.受尊敬的,有声威的
distort? [d??st?:t] vt.曲解,歪曲; 误解; 使变形;(tort=twist,标明)
torture [?t?:t??(r)]拷问;浪费,苦楚
(tort歪曲+ure→歪曲[别人]→浪费)
promote [pr??m??t] v.推进; 促销(pro向前+mot=move动)
promotion [pr??m???n]推进;前进;创建
promote[v.推进;前进]+ion表名词→n.推进;前进;创建
peer-review同行检查
cement [s??ment] n.水泥,v. 安靖,加强; 使黏结
perpetuate [p??pet?ue?t] vt. 使(尤指不好的情况、准则、崇奉等)持续,延伸,(per=through;pet=seek)
status quo现状
有啥理由不喜爱这些奖项呢?用新闻专题援引的一些科学家的话来说,不喜爱的理由有许多。俗??“金钱买不来方位”,这些公司新贵们休想认为他们所树立的奖项能买到诺贝尔奖那样的声威。(32)科学家们认为,这些新奖项的树立是其不和人士一种自抬身价的行为。它们会歪曲根据作用的、以同行评定为辅导的研讨体系。它们会使同行评定研讨坚持现状,留步不前。它们并不赞助同行评定研讨。它们使自个天才的神话阴魂不散。
【3段】①the goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. ②some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.
scattered [?sk?t?d] adj.涣散的; 零星的make a career
make one’s career= make a career功成名就,获得成功
奖项树立者的意图如同和其遭到的批判相同涣散。一些人想要致使颤动,一些人想要招引我们投身科学,或想要非常好地奖赏那些现已在科学研讨中有所作用的人。
33. the discovery of the higgs boson is a typical case which involves
[a] the joint effort of modern researchers.
[b] controversies over the recipients’ status.
[c] the demonstration of research findings.
[d] legitimate concerns over the new prizes.
33. 希格斯玻骰子的发现是一个触及________的典型事例。
[a] 现代研讨的一起尽力
[b] 获奖者方位的争议
[c] 研讨发现的展示
[d] 对新奖项的合理重视
【考点】例子题。
【葵花宝典】例子题考的不是比方的本身,考的是观念:若比方与观念在一句话中,答案在前半句,否则在前一句,或段主旨。
【精准定位】第四段③句but the nobel foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—a
s will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the higgs boson.前半句指出,颁奖对人数的捆绑早已与现代科研通力协作的性质相脱节(the nobel foundation s limit.has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature…);破折号引出证明该情况的事例:为 higgs boson的发现者颁奖时必定会引发“哪位科学家被遗失”的争议也就是说,“ higgs boson的发现”是团队协作的成果,即,该科研事例显示出今世科研的典型特征:科研作用仰仗研讨者一起尽力而非少量个别),故a 正确。
【出题解密】[a ]是对第四段③句的合理揣度, the joint effort of modern researchers是对文the collaborative nature of modern research的同义替换。
【解析】根据题干中的专有名词“the higgs boson”可快速回订亲位到原文第四段。从原文来看,即比方前半句的内容“but the nobel foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research”,就是说,但诺贝尔奖也存在很大捆绑性,比方一个奖项最多只能有三位获得者,而且有必要健在。而现代科学研讨是多人协作式的,所以这项规则很早之前就不达时宜了。然后边谈及希格斯玻骰子的发现这一比方正是为了例子这一观念。
所以选项a“现代研讨的一起尽力”中的joint(一起的)正是原文中collaborative(协作)的同义替换,所以a为正确答案。
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【4段】①as nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed(一分为二看疑问). ②the breakthrough prize in life sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. ③but(标明递进) the nobel foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the higgs boson. ④the nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. ⑤time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.
【生词和短语】
launch[l??nt?] v.初步从事; 建议
unrepresentative?? [??n?repr??zent?t?v]? adj.? 不典型的,没有代表性的;
inevitable [?n?ev?t?bl]adj.可避免的;必定发生的(in=not;evitable可避免的)
evitable [ev?t?bl] adj.可避免的(avoid=evit)(元音交换,清浊交换,词意不变。)
a outgrow b??? a比b打开快。
★ collaborate [k??l?b?re?t]? v.协作;勾通,通敌(col一起+labor劳作+ate表动词) collaboratively adv.协作地,协作地
recipient [r??s?pi?nt] n.承受者; 容器; (re=again; cip= ceive的变体+ent……的;)
conceive[k?n?si:v]愿望;想象;怀孕(con=together; ceive=take.)
collaborative [k??l?b?r?t?v] adj.协作的; 协作的(col=together;labor=labor,)
elaborate [??l?b?r?t]精心制造, 具体论说(e=out;labor劳作+ate表动词)
demonstrate [?dem?nstre?t] vt.证明,证明; 证明( de,偏重;monstr=show, 标明“闪现”)
monster [?m?nst?(r)] n.怪物(闪现出来的怪物)(mon是“一”,绝无仅有就是“怪”)
ignore [?g?n?:(r)] vt.无视,不管(i=not;gnor=know)
(清(k)浊(g)交换,词意不变;音相同,意附近)(当年在通院学英语,教师教了一学期,费十牛三虎之力,学会了一个ignore,不是不吃苦,真的记不住。若用词根学习,可以快一点,用了解的单词,记新词,这就是办法。)???
legitimacy [l?( leg,legis=law.-acy 表名词,“性质,状况”)(s与t通假)
34. according to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the nobels?
[a] history has never cast doubt on them.
[b] they are the most representative honor.
[c] their legitimacy has long been in dispute.
[d] their endurance has done justice to them.
【生词和短语】
cast doubt on使人对…发生置疑;
do justice to有合理性。
endurance [?n?dj??r?ns] n.忍耐(力);
endure [?n?dj??(r)]v 耐久,耐久(en=into;dure_进入耐久→耐久)
during [dju?re??n] 在…时刻,持续时刻(dur =last;)
34. 根据文章第四段,关于诺贝尔奖下列哪一项是正确的?
[a] 前史上对它们从未有过置疑。
[b] 它们是最具代表性的荣誉。
[c] 它们的合理性一向备受争议。
[d] 它们的耐久性使其得到公正的对待。
【答案】d
【考点】推理判别
【精准定位】第四段④句指出,诺贝尔奖和新奖项相同,当年也是有钱的私家树立,⑤句随后标明;诺奖如今在我们心目中的正统方位及其合理性是经过实习的洗礼而成,与树立者的初衷无关。即,正是“奖项连续至今”这一实际赋予了诺奖今日的尊贵质量,因而[d]正确。注: endurance意为“(时刻上的)耐久性,耐久力”;
【出题解密】[d]是对第四段4⑤句内容的合理归纳。选项endurance has done justice
to them别离对应文中time和has given them legitimacy。
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正如《天然》之前指出的那样,我们对新旧科学奖项如何分配存在忌惮是合理的。本年推出的生命科学打破奖对生命科学领域的断定就不具代表性。(33)诺贝尔基金会捆绑每个诺贝尔奖项的获奖人数不跨越三人,而且每个获奖人有必要在世,可是这些捆绑早已因现代科学研讨的协作性质而不再适用——这一点将在断定希格斯玻骰子的发现时得到证明,因为到时会不可以避免地呈现“哪位科学家被无视了”这样的争论。当然,诺贝尔奖本身就是由一个非常赋有的人树立的其工业用处由他自个抉择。(34)时刻,而非意图,赋予了诺贝尔奖合理性。
35. the author believes that the new awards are
[a] harmful to the culture of research.
[b] acceptable despite the criticism.
[c] subject to undesirable changes.
[d] unworthy of public attention.
subject to使遵守
35.?作者认为新的奖项是_______。 [a]?对文明研讨晦气 [b]?尽管有批判,但仍是可承受的 [c]?遭受不好的改动 [d]?不值得大众重视
【考点】观念情绪
【精准定位】①as much as some scientists may complain about the new awards;尽管有批判,③second, it is surely a good thing仍是可承受的;[ b?]正确。
【牵线搭桥法】:首段①句…is indeed an interesting experiment即奠定作者对新奖项“全体必定”的基调;第二段环绕新奖项疑问打开论说,但全段内容实为“很少量科学家(a handful of scientists)”观念。第三、四段就新奖项树立的意图以及新旧奖项各自存在的疑问进行了客观介绍,末段究竟清楚作者情绪:大方感恩地接收此类奖项是正确之举( it is wise to…)。综上可知,[ b?]正确。
【出题解密】[b?]是对作者情绪的合理归纳。末段④句前半有些it is fair to criticize让步标明作者对外界批判的了解,对应选项 despite the criticism;后半有些以but转机提出观点:捐资者用自个的钱做喜爱的事,无可厚非;末句进一步清楚认可新奖项,对应选项acceptable。
【5段】①as much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. ②first, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. ③second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. ④it is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. ⑤it is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.
【生词和短语】
as much as=although
尽管一些科学家可以会对这些新的奖项有许多诉苦,但有两件作业如同是清楚明晰的。首要,假定被公布这样一个奖项,大大都研讨人员都会承受。其次,金钱和留心力可以投入到科学领域而不是其他当地,这无疑是一件功德。(35)批判和质疑这一机制合情合理——究竟科研文明就是如此—一但这是奖项树立者自个的钱,他们根据自个的自愿分配自个的财富。怀着感恩之心,大方地承受这些奖项才是正确之举。
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